2011/2012 October PF Topic: Space Exploration

Cost: 25.00

About the Product

Author(s) and/or Contributor(s): Stephen Babb, Ryan Hamilton, Eli Mallon, Adam Torson
Description: This book contains topic analysis essays that discuss important interpretations of the resolution and major Pro and Con positions, and evidence for both sides.

File Index
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
TOPIC ANALYSIS BY STEPHEN BABB 6
TOPIC ANALYSIS BY RYAN HAMILTON 17
TOPIC ANALYSIS BY ELI MALLON 24
TOPIC ANALYSIS BY ADAM TORSON 34
FRAMEWORK EVIDENCE 45
SPACE EXPLORATION IS INCREASINGLY CHARACTERIZED BY INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND A FOCUS ON COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 45
PRIVATE ENTERPRISE IN SPACE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO SEVEN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES 46
AFFIRMATIVE EVIDENCE 47
THE END OF FEDERAL FUNDING WOULD NOT MEAN THE END OF SPACE EXPLORATION 47
PRIVATE SPACE TRANSPORTS WILL SOON BE SUPPORTING THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 47
THE ADMINISTRATION WANTS TO USE PRIVATE SPACE TAXIS TO SUPPORT THE ISS AS A WAY TO CUT COSTS AND AVOID BUDGET OVERRUNS 47
IN AN ENVIRONMENT OF POLITICAL DISARRAY, PRIVATE INDUSTRY IS DRIVING SPACE EXPLORATION 48
PRIVATE INDUSTRY IS ABLE TO PURSUE IMPORTANT SPACE EXPLORATION PROJECTS LIKE A SURVEY OF NEAR EARTH OBJECTS BECAUSE THEY ARE DRIVEN BY PROFIT MOTIVE AND NOT BOGGED DOWN BY BUREACRACY 49
PRIVATE ENTERPRISE MUST TAKE THE LEAD TO MAINTAIN THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 49
PUBLIC FUNDING UNDERMINES GENUINE SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION, AS IS EVIDENCED BY THE SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM 50
EFFECTIVE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CANNOT BE SUBJECT TO THE WHIMS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM 50
PRIVATE SPACE EXPLORATION HAS BEEN DEVELOPING FOR YEARS 50
ONLY FREE MARKETS AND THE PROTECTION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS CAN UNLEASH SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION IN SPACE 51
SPACE IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY PRIVATIZED 51
COMMERICAL SPACE FIRMS HAVE A FINANCIAL INCENTIVE TO FURTHER SPACE EXPLORATION 51
AS PRIVATE ENTERPRISE BECOMES A STAKEHOLDER IN SPACE EXPLORATION, IT WILL BECOME AN INCREASINGLY VIABLE SOURCE OF CAPITALIZATION FOR SPACE EXPLORATION 52
21ST CENTURY SPACE EXPLORATION WILL REQUIRE BUSINESS-LIKE ORGANIZATION TO ACHIEVE ITS GOALS 52
GOVERNMENTS DO NOT NEED TOP-DOWN CONTROL OF SPACE EXPLORATION TO ACHIEVE THEIR OBJECTIVES. 53
SUCCESS IN COORDINATION OF INTERNATION SPACE EXPLORATION IN THE FUTURE WILL DEPEND UPON BRINGING TOGETHER STAKEHOLDERS OF MANY KINDS, INCLUDING BOTH GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY 53
WHILE GOVERNMENT FUNDING OF SPACE EXPLORATION WILL REMAIN IMPORTANT IN TH ENEAR TERM, EVENTUALLY PRIVATE INVESTMENT SPURRED BY MARKET PULL WILL HAVE TO PLAY A LARGER ROLE 54
TO SUCCEED GOVERNMENTS MUST TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE ECONOMIC INCENTIVES AND TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY 54
GOVERNMENTS SHOULD ENCOURAGE SPACE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A WAY TO DRIVE INNOVATION AND IMPROVE EFFICIENCY 54
THE MILITARY RATHER THAN NASA LEADS THE WAY ON DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY FOR USE BY PRIVATE INDUSTRY 55
NASA HAS PREVENTED PRIVATE INNOVATION TO JUSTIFY ITS OWN POSITION 55
NASA’S RESOURCE ALLOCATION UNDERMINES RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 56
GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE OF THE SUCCESSOR TO THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE IS ENORMOUSLY OVERBUDGET, PUTTING THE ENTIRE PROJECT IN JEOPARDY 56
SPACE EXPLORATION HAS EVOLVED INTO A LARGELY COMMERICAL SECTOR WITH BOTH CONSUMER AND INDUSTRIAL DEMAND BASES 57
THE U.S. SPACE SECTOR IS INCREASINGLY DYNAMIC 57
EUROPEAN SPACE FIRMS ARE LARGELY NON-TRADITIONAL AND ENTREPRENEURIAL IN NATURE, WHERE AMERICAN FIRMS TEND TO FOCUS ON DEVELOPMENT IN CORE SPACE MARKETS 58
SPACE ENTREPRENEUSHIP BRINGS A CAPACITY FOR INNOVATION AND A TOLERANCE FOR RISK THAT THE AEROSPACE SECTOR OTHERWISE LACKS 58
TRADITIONAL INDUSTRY AND SPACE AGENCIES DO NOT TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE ABILITY OF ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRMS TO INNOVATE 59
THE ANSARI X-PRIZE DEMONSTRATES THAT GOVERNMENT IS NO LONGER A GATEKEEPER FOR ACCESS TO SPACE 59
PRIVATE COMPANIES ARE DEVELOPING SPACE TRANSPORTATION SERVICES AND ORBITAL RESEARCH FACILITIES 60
WHILE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIVATE SPACE CAPABILITIES HAVE BEEN SLOW OVER THE LAST HALF-DECADE, THERE ARE SIGNS OF PROGRESS 60
PRIVATE SPACE TRAVEL ADVANCES THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC AGENDA AND THE STATE’S LOCAL GROWTH AGENDA 61
THE OLIGOPOLISTIC NATURE OF THE SPACE CONTRACTING FIELD HAS HISTORICALLY LIMITED ACCESS TO ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRMS 61
THE SPACE SECTOR OLIGOPOLY DRASTICALLY INFLATED THE COST OF SPACE FLIGHT 62
A DIRECTIONLESS NASA HAS BEEN A BARRIER TO DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY AND COMMERCIAL SPACE FLIGHT 62
PRIVATE ENTERPRISE WILL PURSUE A VARIETY OF SPACE COMMERCIALIZATION PROGRAMS, BUT SUCCESS DEPENDS ON RESTRUCTURING GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN THE SPACE SECTOR 63
THE PRESIDENT’S COMMISSION ON IMPLEMENTATION OF UNITED STATES SPACE EXPLORATION POLICY RECOMMENDS EXTENSIVE USE OF PRIVATE INDUSTRY TO ACHIEVE AMERICA’S SPACE GOALS 63
EMPHASIS ON PRIVATIZATION OF SPACE EXPLORATION HAS EXPANDED IN THE LAST FIVE YEARS, WITH CONGRESS AND NASA IMPLEMENTING EXTENSIVE MEASURES TO ENCOURAGE PRIVATE FIRMS TO DEVELOP SPACE TECHNOLOGY 64
THE PRESIDENT’S COMMISSION VIEWS THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIVATE SPACE EXPLORATION AS A DRIVER FOR PRODUCING A TECH SAVVY WORKFORCE 65
THE GOVERNMENT VIEWS PRIVATE SPACE ACTIVITY AS A WAY TO MAINTAIN THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DOMINATION OF THE UNITED STATES 65
FEDERAL REGULATIONS HAVE BEEN REDESIGNED TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PRIVATE SPACE EXPLORATION 66
STATES COMPETE OVER ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE AEROSPACE SECTOR AS AN ENGINE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 66
ECONOMIC REALIGNMENT IN THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY CAN CHALLENGE TRADITIONAL SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND HIERARCHIES 67
PRIVATE SECTOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CHANGES THE GEOGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE OF THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY 68
STATES TRY TO ATTRACT AEROSPACE FIRMS AS A SOURCE OF HIGH TECH JOBS 69
STATES PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIVATE SPACE EXPLORATION FIRMS AS A WAY TO PUSH STRONGER MATH AND SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE WORKFORCE 69
NEGATIVE EVIDENCE 70
PRIVATE SUPPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION HAS BEEN CHARACTERIZED BY DELAYS; IT IS UNCLEAR THAT PRIVATE INDUSTRY CAN QUICKLY REPLACE NASA’S SUPPORT OF THE ISS 70
PRIVATE ENTERPRISE STILL REQUIRES FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND COORDINATION BY GOVERNMENT TO BE SUCCESSFUL IN SPACE EXPLORATION 70
MULTIGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS HAVE GENERALLY LED THE WAY IN COORDINATING SPACE EXPLORATION AMONG NATIONS 71
DELAYED RETURN ON INVESTMENT AND SUBSTANTIAL COST BARRIERS MEAN THAT ASTEROID MINING IS NOT ECONOMICALLY VIABLE WITHOUT GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT 72
WHILE SETI RECEIVES SOME PRIVATE FUNDING, THE PERCEPTION THAT IT IS OUTSIDE THE MAINSTREAM OF SCIENCE MEANS THAT GOVERNMENT FUNDING IS ESSENTIAL 73
GOVERNMENT FUNDING OF SETI IS NEEDED TO MAKE SURE THAT VALUABLE AVENUES OF RESEARCH ARE NOT ARBITRARILY DENIED FUNDING BECAUSE OF FAULTY PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS 74
REPLACING SPACE SHUTTLE TRANSPORT TO THE ISS WITH PRIVATE FIRMS IS NOT COST EFFECTIVE 75
COMMERCIAL SPACE FLIGHTS CAN PARTIALLY REPLACE GOVERNMENT VENTURES, BUT THE ISS PROJECT SHOWS THAT MULTILATERAL GOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION IS NECESSARY TO SUPPORT CUTTING EDGE SPACE EXPLORATION THAT IS NOT YET COMMERCIALLY MARKETABLE 76
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT, SUCH AS FINANCIAL BACKING AND TECH EXPERIMENTATION ON THE ISS, IS NECESSARY TO EFFECTIVELY DEVELOP SPACE BASED SOLAR POWER 77
GOVERNMENT MUST SPEND MONEY TO HELP DEVELOP RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY LIKE SPACE BASED SOLAR POWER WHICH ARE NOT PRESENTLY ECONOMICALLY VIABLE 78
ONLY THE GOVERNMENT HAS THE EXPERTISE TO CREATE SAFE SPACE TOURISM 79
THERE ARE CONCERNS ABOUT THE LACK OF SAFETY CERTIFICATION FOR PRIVATE SPACE ROCKETS 79
PRIVATE SPACE EXPLORATION MAY BE PROBLEMATIC BECAUSE OF THE ABILITY OF PRIVATE FIRMS TO KEEP SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY SECRET AND THE LACK OF REGULATION IN SPACE 79
NASA MUST DRIVE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT FOR PRIVATE ENTERPRISE IN SPACE TO SUCCEED 80
THOUGH THERE ARE A FEW PROMISING ECONOMIC INDICATORS, OBSERVERS BELIEVE THAT EUROPEAN COMMERCIAL SPACE FIRMS WILL CONTINUE TO FACE FINANCIAL PROBLEMS FOR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE 80
PRIVATE INVESTORS ARE NOT YET PREPARED TO TAKE THE LEAD IN SPACE EXPLORATION BY EUROPEAN AND ASIAN FIRMS 81
THOUGH THE INDUSTRY IS MATURING, THE SPACE SECTOR IS STILL BESET BY EXCESIVE HYPE AND INADEQUATE DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES 81
THERE ARE ONGOING STRUCTURAL GAPS IN SPACE VENTURE FINANCE WHICH INDICATE THAT THE PRIVATE SECTOR IS NOT READY TO LEAD THE WAY ON SPACE EXPLORATION 81
DESPITE THE CHANGING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACE EXPLORATION, THE STATE STILL MAINTAINS SUBSTANTIAL CONTROL OVER SPACE EXPLORATION AND USES COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES TO FURTHER ITS OBJECTIVES 82
PRIVATIZATION MAKES IT MORE DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN THE BENEFITS OF COOPERATION WHICH HAVE HISTORICALLY BEEN SECURED BY TREATIES AMONG GOVERNMENTS 82
PRIVATE COMPANIES MUST BE REGULATED TO ENSURE THAT SPACE EXPLORATION BENEFITS ALL MANKIND 83
IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER STATES ARE WILLING OR ABLE TO EFFECTIVELY REGULATE GLOBAL PRIVATE SPACE FIRMS 83
PRIVATE SPACE LAUNCHES FROM THE HIGH SEAS RAISE QUESTIONS OF LIABILITY AND REGULATION 83
PRIVATE SPACE FIRMS MAY BE CROWDING OUT PUBLIC AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL CREDIT MARKETS 84
PRIVATE SPACE EXPLORATION HAS A SPOTTY SAFETY RECORD AND REQUIRES REGULATION AND ADEQUATE INSURANCE 84
CURRENT TREATIES ARE INADEQUATE TO REGULATE COMMERCIAL USES OF OUTER SPACE, AND SOME EVEN BELIEVE THAT COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION OF SPACE IS ILLEGAL UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 85
SPACE NEEDS TO BE PROTECTED FROM EXCESSIVE COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION BECAUSE IT IS THE COMMON HERITAGE OF ALL MANKIND UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 85
INTERNATIONAL LAW MUST REGULATE PRIVATE EXPLOITATION OF SPACE TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF DEVELOPING NATIONS 86
FIRST WORLD PRIVATE ENTERPRISE HAS THE POTENTIAL TO CROWD OUT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN SPACE FOR DEVELOPING NATIONS 86
PRIVATIZATION OF SPACE EXPLORATION REQUIRES REGULATION TO PREVENT MONOPOLY, FOSTER INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION, AND PROTECT THE COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND 87
SPACE TOURISM SUFFERS FROM MARKET FAILURES THAT CAN ONLY BE REMEDIED BY GOVERNMENT 88
THE FACT THAT INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND SECURITY IMPERATIVES ARE AT STAKE IN SPACE TRAVEL MAKES MARKET CONDITIONS UNCERTAIN 88

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